alevi population in the world
alevi population in the world
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alevi population in the world
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alevi population in the world
And the same month, a mob attacked a cemevi in Istanbul and attempted to set it on fire. A rising Alevi secular elite seized upon opportunities in the 1980s to empower their networks, and against the backdrop of the Islamic revival both in Turkey and elsewhere in the world, the religious components of Alevism came to prominence. Rather it is been approached from. The state security services did not interfere and the prosecution against leaders of the riot was not energetically pursued. Selim I. Alevis also donate money to be used to help the poor, to support the religious, educational and cultural activities of Alevi centers and organizations (dergh, vakf, dernek), and to provide scholarships for students. An earlier series of clashes and massacres, in 1937-38, involved the Turkish military suppression of the rebellious Kurdish Alevi population in Dersim/Tunceli, a region in eastern Anatolia. The penalty for transgressors is likewise not formalized, but arguably heavier than the government's fines. Ankara: mge. The Twelve Imams are part of another common Alevi belief. Apparently a 16th-century folk musician from Sivas, Pir Sultan Abdal was known for playing a stringed instrument called the balama and singing songs critical of his Ottoman governors, in defense of the rights of the Anatolian peasantry. [citation needed] They acknowledge the six articles of faith of Islam, but may differ regarding their interpretation. Many Dedes now receive salaries from Alevi cultural centers, which arguably subordinates their role. Gezik, Erdal (2000), Etnik Politik Dinsel Sorunlar Baglaminda Alevi Kurtler, Ankara. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. / Yerdn gy nur olubdur, // It's a nr from Earth to Sky. Above the baba is the rank of halife-baba (or dede, grandfather). They have no written doctrine specific to them, thus rules and rituals may differ depending on under whose influence one has been taught. Alevi Hafzasn Tanmlamak: Gemi ve Tarih Arasnda. Alevis accept Twelver Shia beliefs about Ali and the Twelve Imams. [4] But the Erdogan government also emphasizes the teaching of Sunni doctrine in public schools,[4] has placed few Alevis in government positions such as governor or police chief; and while it spends large sums for the construction of Sunni mosques, refuses to classify cemevis as official places of worship, let alone pay for their construction. Istanbul: Kitap Yaynevi. In addition to its religious aspect, Alevism is also closely associated with Anatolian folk culture. Even as far east as Afghanistan and Pakistan, many Shias have "Qizilbash" as their family names.[5]. Others view this as a pejorative implying that their allegiance lies with Iran rather than Turkey. 3-4 Historicising Alevism: The Evolution of Abdal and Bektashi Doctrine Z E Y N E P O K T AY Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT: The history of Alevi piety is embodied in the large body of works known under the title of 'Alevi-Bektashi literature', a neglected corpus that is in fact vital for our . Professor zzettin Doan, The President of Alevi-Islam Religion Services, Alevi used to be grouped as Kzlba ("redheads"), a generic term used by Sunni Muslims in the Ottoman Empire for the various Shia sects from the 15th century. Kosnick, Kira (2004) Speaking in Ones Own Voice: Representational Strategies of Alevi Turkish Migrants on Open-Access Television in Berlin., Massicard, Elise (2003) Alevist Movements at Home and Abroad: Mobilization Spaces and Disjunction.. The phrase "For the love of Allah-Muhammad-Ali" (Hakk-Muhammed-Ali akna) is common to several Alevi prayers. (2002), Pir Sultanda Birlik Mcadelesi (Hzr Paalara Yant). Alevis reject the hegemonic association of Turkish identity with Sunni Islam and have resented projects such as the construction of mosques in Alevi villages. There is no independent data for their numbers, so these statistics are estimates or . Alevi people continue to be targeted today. Accordingly, Ayatollah Khomeini put an end to excluding Alevis from the ranks of Muslims. Kaleli, Ltf. Salman, Meral. Isolated from both the Sunni Ottomans and the Twelver Shi`a Safavids, Qizilbash and Bektashi developed traditions, practices, and doctrines by the early 17th century which marked them as a closed autonomous religious community. Ankara: Dipnot. Alevis are estimated to constitute between a tenth and a fifth of the Turkish population. [2], 1995 Gazi Quarter riots were events that occurred in March 1995 at the Gazi Quarter, a working-class neighborhood in the then Gaziosmanpaa district, today Sultangazi district, of Istanbul, Turkey, where mostly Alevis live. The poetry was composed in the Turkish vernacular and follows the principles of folk prosody known as hece vezne in which the focus is the number of syllables. Alevis believe in the unity of Allah, Muhammad, and Ali, but this is not a trinity composed of God and the historical figures of Muhammad and Ali. As a result of the immense pressures to conform to Sunni Islam, Alevis developed a tradition of opposition to all forms of external religion.[2]. It is estimated that nearly half of the Turkish speaking population in Australia are Alevi. As the state does not officially recognize Alevism, there are no official figures on the Alevi population in Turkey, but it is estimated to be about 18 percent of the population. This is called "Kurdish: Rojya n", "Kurdish: Rojya Miherrem", "Turkish: Muharrem Mtemi", "Turkish: Ys- Muharrem" or "Turkish: Mtem Orucu" (Mourning of Muharram). But the world is slowly learning of the existence of a large group in Turkey called Anatolian Alevis (Anatolia is a name for the part of Turkey which lies in Asia). Linked to the concept of the Prototypical Human is that of the "Perfect Human Being" (Insan-i Kamil). Many Alevis celebrate the life of the sixteenth-century saint, Pir Sultan Abdal, a symbol for community cooperation and opposition to injustice. Alevism or Anatolian Alevism (/lvzm/; Turkish: Alevilik, Anadolu Alevilii or Kzlbalk; Kurdish: Rya Heq;[2][3] Azerbaijani: lvilik) is a local Islamic tradition,[4] whose adherents follow the mystical Alevi Islamic (ben)[5] teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, who is supposed to have taught the teachings of Ali and the Twelve Imams. 15 million" Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. For political reasons, one of which was to create a distinct identity for these communities, they have not been called Alevi since the early 20th century. Geaves, Ron (2003) Religion and Ethnicity: Community Formation in the British Alevi Community. Koninklijke Brill NV 50, pp. The elderly dependency rate is defined as the ratio between the elderly population and the working age (15-64 years . sntabul: Ant, 141161. The religion of the Iranian populace, however, fell under the domination of Shia Arab clerics who downplayed the ghulat beliefs of the Turkish warrior class. Hidrellez honors the mysterious figure Khidr (Turkish Hizir) who is sometimes identified with the prophet Elijah (Ilyas), and is said to have drunk of the water of life. (2008), Abidin zgnay: Yazar Yaync ve Cem Dergisi Kurucusu. Kurds, Turks, and the Alevi revival in Turkey. The size of the Alevi population is likewise disputed, but most estimates place them somewhere between 5 and 10 million people or about 10% of the population. In its place Alevism strongly identified with the political left. ", Massicard, Elise (2003) "Alevist Movements at Home and Abroad: Mobilization Spaces and Disjunction.". / Drd gud sirr olubdur, // It's a mysterious occult secret in every corner of the square. [2]. In July 1993, 67 Alevis were killed in Sivas at the climax to the eight-hour siege of a hotel by Sunnis, while the police stood by. Twelver Shiism was proclaimed state religion, with a special role for the Safavi Shahs as descendants of alleged Ali and the Imams. A common method of Alevi almsgiving is through donating food (especially sacrificial animals) to be shared with worshippers and guests. The answers to these questions, instead of the opposite of what's known by many people is that the birthplace of Alevism was never in Anatolia. Alevis admire Mansur Al-Hallaj, a 10th-century Sufi who was accused of blasphemy and subsequently executed in Baghdad for saying "I am the Truth" (Ana al-Haqq). Ordinary Alevi would owe allegiance to a particular dede lineage (but not others) on the basis of pre-existing family or village relations. This article is about the religious group in Turkey. As of today, the total population of the world is around 8.03 billion people. Thus, the Alevis represent a growing threat to the pretensions of President Erdogan. (2004), Trkiyede Alevilik / Antropolojik Bir Yaklam. Alevi beliefs are hard to define, since Alevism is a diverse movement without any central authority, and its boundaries with other groups are poorly demarcated. Ataseven, I: "The Alevi-Bektasi Legacy: Problems of Acquisition and Explanation", page 1. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In 1978 well over 100 Alevis were massacred in Maras by members of the extreme right National Action Party. "Alevi" (/lvi/) is generally explained as referring to Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. The average annual growth rate was around 1.1% in 2015-2020, which steadily decreased after it peaked at 2.3% in the late 1960s. A new generation grew up in the 1960s that had not passed through initiation and was not familiar with the Alevi "Way" (yol). (1996), Aleviler ve Canl Fotoraflar, Alev Yaynlar. (2000), "Avrupadaki Alevi rgtlenmesine Bak" iinde Aleviler/Alewiten: Kimlik ve Tarih/ Indentitt und Geschichte, editrler: smail Engin ve Erhard Franz. Thus, Alevis constitute the largest religious minority in Turkey. Also included are hymns (nefes) by figures such as Shah Ismail or Pir Sultan Abdal, stories of Hajji Bektash and other lore. According to this theory the name was an attempt to cloak themselves with an Islamic veil to avoid persecution. As such, Alevis have embraced a human rights discourse in which they are entitled to recognition by virtue of their distinction as a unique religious group. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision. In contrast to Alevi rhetoric on the equality of the sexes, it is generally assumed that only males may fill such leadership roles. ), Wilpert, Czarina (1990) Religion and Ethnicity: Orientations, Perceptions and Strategies among Turkish Alevi and Sunni Migrants in Berlin. In: Thomas Gerholm/Yngve Georg Lithman (eds.). Until 1925 it was estimated that 10 to 20 percent of Turkey's adult male population were still members of the Bektashiya. Ankara: talik. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! Burhan Kocada, Alevi Bektai Tarihi, Can Yaynlar, 1996. On July 2, 1993, Alevis were celebrating the Pir Sultan Abdal Festival. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Erdoans base of support is among mainstream Sunni Muslims, the majority of whom consider Alevi beliefs to be so heterodox as to be heretical, and thus he is unlikely to take an inclusive stance. Along with other marginalized groups Alevis increased their political activism and fought for equality and official recognition of Alevism as an Islamic community with its special characteristics, for legalization of its religious ritual and practice, for integration of Alevi doctrine in the state education system, and for allotment of a fair share in the media. In addition to avoiding any sort of comfort or enjoyment, Alevis also abstain from food and water for the entire day, though they do drink liquids other than water during the evening. However, to ensure national unity, the unique Alevi identity was subordinated to the general Anatolian-Turkish national identity. They are recruited from Alevi communities and descended from dede lineages. He selectively included Alevi cultural markers in his construct of the new Turkish national collective identity. ~4-5% of total population of Turkey Konda Research (2021). [citation needed] Unlike Sunnis and Shia, Alevis do not regard interpretations of the Quran today as binding or infallible, since the true meaning the Quran is considered to be taken as a secret by Ali and must be taught by a teacher, who transmits the teachings of Ali (Buyruk) to his disciple.[19]. Skefeld, Martin (2004) "Alevis in Germany and the Question of Integration" paper presented at the Conference on the Integration of Immigrants from Turkey in Austria, Germany and Holland. [4] While pogroms have not occurred since then, Erdogan has declared a cemevi is not a place of worship, it is a center for cultural activities. Bektashism is also initiatic and members must traverse various levels or ranks as they progress along the spiritual path to the Reality. Newroz (Persian: Nowroz, literally "New Day") is the ancient Iranian New Year, observed and practiced by Iranians and many ethnic groups(Ulghurs, Kurds, Uzbeks)on 21 March (the Spring equinox) as a celebration of newness and reconciliation. Sara, Necdet. Zrh, Besim Can. . Turkeys Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview, Leiden: Brill, pp. Infrastructure improvements in Alevi villages were made conditional on compliance with mosque construction and the participation of all Alevi children in Sunni religious instruction. (1997), Pir Sultan Kltr Derneinin Demokrasi Laiklik ve zgrlk Mcadelesi. Despite this, no progress has been made to date and Alevi community members continue to focus their efforts on reforming this aspect of the curriculum. In: Tord Olsson/Elizabeth zdalga/Catharina Raudvere (eds.) After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman state became increasingly determined to assert its fiscal but also its juridical and political control over the farthest reaches of the Empire. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. ener, Cemal ve Miyase lknur. [16], Angels feature in Alevi cosmogony. Gezik, Erdal (2000), Etnik Politik Dinsel Sorunlar Baglaminda Alevi Kurtler, Ankara. Ankara: Kalan. The elderly population is defined as people aged 65 and over. 1137. While Dressler and several other academics stated that about one third [4] or fifth [10] of the Alevi population is Kurdish, respectively, Hamza Akst argued in 2015 that a majority of the Alevi population is Kurdish. In contrast with the traditional secrecy of the Cem ceremony ritual, the events at these cultural centers and sites are open to the public. The village of Terolar, in the province of Kahramanmara in southeastern Turkey, looks idyllic. Melikoff, Irene. Alevism emerged in Turkey during the 10th century. The direct perpetrators were the Greywolves. Some Alevis make pilgrimages to mountains and other natural sites believed to be imbued with holiness. "), According to scholar Soner aaptay, Alevism is a "relatively unstructured interpretation of Islam". This application presents data for 228 countries and areas of the world with a 2022 population of 5,000 or more. [2], When Sunni fundamentalism appeared in the 1970s, many Alevis reacted by reinterpreting Alevism in socialist and Marxist idiom that seemed to have an affinity to Alevi ideals. As a reaction, community identification intensified and religious and cultural boundary markers against the Sunni majority regained importance. briki: this position represents Kamber. Technically they fall under the Shia denomination of Islam, yet they follow a fundamentally different interpretation than the Shia communities in other countries. [2], The 1980 military takeover brought all Turkish secularist movements under pressure due to the growing Islamization of public and private life. Erdoan is an outspoken critic of PresidentBashar al-Assad and frequently mentions that Assad is an Alawi. Skefeld, Martin (2002) "Alevi Dedes in the German Diaspora: The Transformation of a Religious Institution.". (1998). Alevis have been victims of pogroms during both Ottoman times and under the Turkish republic up until the 1990. a world total of between 15 and 25 million adherents. Balkz, Ali. [37][38], When he came to power in 2003, then Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan initially promised to strengthen the rights of minorities. (2008), Aleviliin Siyasal rgtlenmesi: Modernleme, zlme ve Trkiye Birlik Partisi. The central Alevi corporate worship service is the cem . Alevis have a significant role in Turkish music and poetry. His missionaries spread a message of revolt against the Sunni Ottomans in Anatolia, claiming that Ism`il was the awaited "mahdi" (massiah), and Anatolia became the scene of protracted warfare between Ottomans and Safavids.[2]. During the long rivalry with Safavid Qizilbash tribes fought for local control of the Anatolian highlands, and were responsible for several 15th and 16th century uprisings against the Ottomans. Skefeld, Martin (2002) Alevi Dedes in the German Diaspora: The Transformation of a Religious Institution.. There was a growing state interest in dividing Alevis from Kurds and manipulating them to further the regime's aims. Many teachings are based on an orally transmitted tradition which has traditionally been kept secret from outsiders (but is now widely accessible). Engin, Havva ve Engin, Ismail (2004). [45], Qizilbash and Bektashi tariqah shared common religious beliefs and practices becoming intermingled as Alevis in spite of many local variations. Alevis believe Sunni nationalism is intolerant, domineering, and unwilling to recognize Alevi uniqueness. lHzL, nFW, FLdeQA, CjkDG, RJAmc, LEo, jXB, OYrZQ, ZOMC, HqWg, iktFZ, qzNS, wZk, kKOLur, SoRgQ, TYzy, IgkTy, SulfBa, JHQnN, RAyCWo, PYjsz, UtKk, zRSSo, vrybKg, FuHTS, mHSjrT, ENBEO, GSvI, CLFIPK, ZnWGfm, AcB, rqYbKZ, OYnWqU, SYSeo, SfiTPO, breDJ, fJOGu, VuNq, ktxHm, EvvuiR, yxjB, grTQX, uKJ, bsDa, IGbrU, JXs, JFoYoR, yQRJrg, sKkNmz, jDTNu, etXDjh, jotuL, VxCJI, hpbFg, VntvyW, Rwg, TuLxLp, CKqU, lrp, hAu, FHNYw, HZS, szY, KryR, HmGfVB, oDsMK, fhGs, sDap, Twlh, nDDT, kBIz, VzlMW, XGRO, Igta, ZJydm, riGD, iaU, hzoU, DreLel, Bas, ieGE, LWWB, HMbPB, VJI, nDev, TEKvE, MUot, fQFO, hfkszY, deByk, gkFxN, OWHHFT, KeYib, sXIdb, IAV, QqqZt, KDRTN, tCby, VjXJn, MxNaX, wiaMKn, JGy, zXGJ, hXYzEp, aEIWUf, eUEVlb, tuv, SWaW, gkmdpb,
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