intermediate pyrolysis
intermediate pyrolysis
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intermediate pyrolysis
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intermediate pyrolysis
https://agritrop.cirad.fr/590896/, Karami N, Clemente R, Moreno-Jimnez E, Lepp NW, Beesley L (2011) Efiiciency of green waste compost and biochar soil amendments for reducing lead and copper mobility and uptake to ryegrass. Springer, Berlin, Rafiq MK, Bachmann RT, Rafiq MT, Shang Z, Joseph S, Long R (2016) Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physico-chemical properties of corn stover (Zea mays L) biochar and feasibility for carbon capture and energy balance. Early Japanese farmers used unique manure called haigoe, which was prepared by adding human waste to rice husk biochar and applying it to fields some time before planting crops (Shakya and Agarwal 2017). Biochar exhibits high biodegradability, high contents of total and organic carbon, as well as optimal concentrations of micro- and macroelements (potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc, iron etc.) Maguire RO, Agblevor FA (2010) Biochar in agricultural systems. It can be used to flavor any meat or vegetable. examples of such restrictions include the, An excessive carbon footprint can prevent the United States federal government from being able to purchase fuel. Front Plant Sci 8:2051, Ndriangu SM, Liu Y, Xu K, Song S (2019) Risk evaluation of pyrolyzed biocharfrom multiple wastes. wood vinegar, pyroligneous acid, smoke flavor, smoke flavouring(s), natural condensed smoke, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, "Chemical characterization of commercial liquid smoke products", "A Review of the Chemical and Physical Mechanisms of the Storage Stability of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils", "Introduction to Wood Vinegar for Australian Agriculture", "Effect of Wood Vinegar on the Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Intestinal Microflora in Weanling Pigs", "Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Smoke Flavoring Solution and Smoked Yeast Flavoring as Food Ingredients", "Risk assessment of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) on the Smoke Flavouring Primary Product FF-B", "Scientific Opinion on safety of smoke flavour Primary Product TRADISMOKE A MAX", "Scientific Opinion on safety of smoke flavour Primary Product - Scansmoke R909", "Scientific Opinion on Safety of smoke flavour Primary Product AM 01", "Safety of smoke flavour Primary Product - Fumokomp". Bioresour Technol 164:4754, Cheng CH, Lehmann J, Thies JE, Burton SD (2008) Stability of black carbon in soil across a climatic gradient. Part 1. Biochar can absorb water up to 5.0 times its own weight (Gsior and Tic 2017). Banik et al. The application of biochar has been observed to increase the amount of macropores (with a maximum increase of 59.0%), and the amount of macropores in biochar increases with the pyrolysis temperature (Kutilek et al. These fractions can play different roles in the adsorption process (Cao et al. The addition of biochar to the soil should increase the concentrations of micronutrients that are easily available to plants (Alburquerque et al. [34], One example of a Biofuel-based synthetic fuel process is Hydrotreated Renewable Jet (HRJ) fuel. [citation needed], Electrofuels, also known as e-fuels or synthetic fuels, are a type of drop-in replacement fuel. This was caused by the loss of volatile matter (Cely et al. 2016; Yu et al. Lei and Zhang (2013) reported that wood biochar has a higher specific surface area (124.0m2/g) than biochar from the dairy industry (83.4m2/g). [15] J Anal Appl Pyrol 107:3139, Shakya A, Agarwal T (2017) Poultry litter biochar: an approach towards poultry litter managementa review. Numerous studies have proven that biochar increases the ability of soil to adsorb heavy metals and other contaminants, which is important for environmental protection and management (Tomczyk et al. Synthetic fuel or synfuel is a liquid fuel, or sometimes gaseous fuel, obtained from syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, in which the syngas was derived from gasification of solid feedstocks such as coal or biomass or by reforming of natural gas. These cookies do not store any personal information. [42][43], Among different indirect FT synthetic fuels production technologies, potential emissions of greenhouse gases vary greatly. 2016) and vary with the type of biomass (de la Rosa et al. Springer, Berlin, Guszek S, Sas-Paszt L, Sumorok B, Kozera R (2017) Biochar-rhizosphere interactionsa review. 2013; Zhao et al. This owes primarily to the near-absence of sulfur and extremely low level of aromatics present in the fuel.[49]. As such they are of industrial significance in many regions, such as Scandinavia. TED talk by Craig Venter, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_fuel&oldid=1120133243, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2021, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2021, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2022, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from September 2021, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2008, Articles with disputed statements from July 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Synfuel Plants Expand In W. Va (Coal Age, Feb 1, 2002), This page was last edited on 5 November 2022, at 09:46. Biochar is a carbon-rich material. 2004). Further utility of aqueous smoke solutions is gained by the use of more complex food-grade processing such as extraction into oil, spray drying using maltodextrin carriers, or plating onto foods and food ingredients such as malt flour, yeast, or salt. PLoS ONE 11:e0156894, Rauber D, Dier TKF, Volmer DA, Hempelmann R (2018) Electrochemical lignin degradation in ionic liquids on ternary mixed metal electrodes. [14] Production began in 1919. Carbon 42:12191225, Mui ELK, Cheung WH, Valix M, McKay G (2010) Dye adsorption onto char from bamboo. 2015; Kardam et al. Soil Biol Biochem 41:13011310, Suliman W, Harsh JB, Abu-Lail NI, Fortuna A-M, Dallmeyer I, Garcia-Perez M (2016) Influence of feedstock source and pyrolysis temperature on biochar bulk and surface properties. For example, Chen and Yuan (2011) investigated the effect of biochars (obtained from pine needles at different temperatures) on the sorption of the PAHs naphtalene and phenantrene in soil. As part of our commitment to the environment and the local area, we are currently supporting the development of a regional supply chain that will bring benefits to the region, in addition to helping create new and exciting high-growth sectors in the field of Smart Cities, unlocking opportunities nationally and internationally. Environ Sci Technol 42:51375143, Chen X, Chen G, Chen L, Chen Y, Lehmann J, McBride MB, Hay AG (2011) Adsorption of copper and zinc by biochars produced from pyrolysis of hardwood and corn straw in aqueous solution. May be downloaded from: https://archive.org/details/OrganicChemistryVol1, https://archive.org/details/OrganicChemistryVol2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Destructive_distillation&oldid=1120439772, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Destructive distillation is an increasingly promising method for recycling monomers derived from waste, This page was last edited on 7 November 2022, at 01:00. 2015). 2011). (2019) shows that the ash content was the lowest in woody biochars (1.53.0%) and the highest in peanut shell biochars (7.012.0%). Overall, for biochar-soils with the same biochar content, the saturated adsorption capacity of a sorbent estimated from the high concentration data values for PAHs increased with the biochar pyrolysis temperature in the order of 100<300<400<700C (Chen and Chen 2009; Chen and Yuan 2011). 2016). ApplSoil Ecol 105:144150, Mitchell PJ, Dalley TSL, Helleur RJ (2013) Preliminary laboratory production and characterization of biochars from lignocellulosic municipal waste. J Soil Sediment 13:15611572, Lewandowski W, Radziemska M, Ryms E, Ostrowski P (2010) Nowoczesne metody termochemiczne konwersji biomasy w paliwa gazowe, cieke i stae. I love communicating what I do and its impact at all levels: I am the editor-in-chief of the Elsevier journal of Biomass and Bioenergy, instigated the Bioenergy comic, and have attempted to explain bioenergy sustainability issues to everyone from the UK climate assembly to schoolchildren and radio listeners. [citation needed], A study from U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory with much more in-depth information of CBTL life-cycle emissions "Affordable Low Carbon Diesel from Domestic Coal and Biomass". Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Rafiq et al. Smaller biochar particle sizes can also increase water retention but may reduce saturated flow (Blanco-Canqui 2017). Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 124:223232, Carrier M, Hardie AG, Uras U, Grgens J, Knoetze J (2012) Production of char from vacuum pyrolysis of South-African sugar cane bagasse and its characterization as activated carbon and biochar. Therefore, biochar that is produced as a soil fertility amendment needs to be specifically aimed at carbonizing the biomass material under moist conditions and at low temperatures (Novak et al. 2015). The low ash content makes biochar more amenable to transportation and incorporation into soils, as there is less wind-blown loss (Mukome et al. The Energy and Bioproducts Research Institute (EBRI) at Aston University in central Birmingham is a unique hub of bioenergy research and technology development. Mukome et al. The Government, in trying to show that this is not smoke produced by combustion, has shown that it is produced in exactly the same kind of way that is stated on that label. The pH becomes constant at a temperature around 600C when all of the alkali salts are released from the pyrolytic structure (Shinogi and Kanri 2003). However, the numerous variables that are manipulated during pyrolysis do lead to a wide range of compositions of the condensates. 2012). 2017). (2013) have shown that at lower temperatures (less than 500C), lignin is not converted into a hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and biochar becomes more hydrophilic. (2010) discovered that biochar produced at a temperature higher than 400C was more effective for organic and inorganic contaminant sorption due to its high surface area and considerable micropore development. [26][44], CBTL+CCS plants that blend biomass alongside coal while sequestering carbon do progressively better the more biomass is added. Chemosphere 119:190198, Verheijen F, Jeffery S, Bastos AC, van der Velde M, Diafas I (2010) Biochar application to soils: a critical scientific review of effects on soil properties, processes and functions. J Clean Prod 148:127136, Zhang J, Liu J, Liu R (2015) Effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating time on biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of straw and lignosulfonate. Pyrolysis of municipal wastes begins with mechanical preparation and separation of glass, metals and inert materials prior to processing the remaining waste in a pyrolysis reactor. Earthscan, London, Anawar HM, Akter F, Solaiman ZM, Strezov V (2015) Biochar: and emerging panacea for remediation of soil contaminants from mining, industry and sewage wastes. Liquid smoke is a water-soluble yellow to red liquid used as a flavoring as a substitute for cooking with wood smoke while retaining a similar flavor. [citation needed] Broad claims of medical benefits to humans in digestive ailments, dental infections, liver, heart, skin ailments, ears, eyes are found,[citation needed] but the literature is devoid of accepted scientific studies for such testimonial claims in humans. J Wood Sci 49:469473, Keiluweit M, Nico PS, Johnson MG, Kleber M (2010) Dynamic molecular structure of plant-derived black carbon (biochar). Bioresour Technol 102:88778884, Chen Y, Yang H, Wang X, Zhang S, Chen H (2012) Biomass-based pyrolytic polygeneration system on cotton stalk pyrolysis: influence of temperature. 11 Ways to Bring Freshness and Positivity in Home Through Decoration, Enumerating Advantages of RDF | Cleantech Solutions, Waste-to-Energy Prospects in the Middle East, The Promise of Biochar and Bio Oil | Cleantech Solutions, Pathways for Waste-to-Energy Conversion | Cleantech Solutions, Biomass Conversion Technologies | Cleantech Solutions, Insights into Biomass Pyrolysis | Cleantech Solutions, Quick Summary of Waste-to-Energy Processes | Cleantech Solutions, Insights into MSW-to-Energy | BioEnergy Consult, Solid Waste Management - India's Burning Issue | BioEnergy Consult, Global Waste to Energy Market BioEnergy Consult, 14 Writing Contests for High School Students in 2022, Waste Management in the Food Processing Industry. Fuel 83:14691482, Shinogi Y, Kanri Y (2003) Pyrolysis of plant, animal and human waste: physical and chemical characterization of the pyrolytic products. J Environ Qual 41:10961106, Hernandez-Mena LE, Pcora AAB, Beraldo AL (2014) Slow pyrolysis of bamboo biomass: analysis of biochar properties. Pyrolysis process consists of both simultaneous and successive reactions when carbon-rich organic material is heated in a non-reactive atmosphere. [26] Both of these plants fundamentally use gasification and FT conversion synthetic fuels technology, but they deliver wildly divergent environmental footprints. Incorporation into sauces such as barbeque or dry seasonings and compounding with other flavors are other important ways in which the flavors are used. 2002; Novak et al. JohanssonThe cover image is based on the Original Article Development of a New Intermediate-scale Box Test on Sandwich Panel Products Compared with ISO 13784-1 Room Test and EN 13501-1 Classification System by Hideki Yoshioka et al., A model for the Soil Sci Soc Am J 74:12591270, Demirbas A (2004) Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues. 2010; Denyes et al. This site ran on the Mobil process converting gas to methanol and methanol to gasoline. 2010). Generation of the benzyne intermediate is the slow step in the reaction. Soil is a complex material and comprises minerals, soil organic matter, water, and air. 2018). 2010). The increases in pH and the corresponding reduction in exchangeable Al could also have improved the chemical environment (e.g. El-Gamal et al. Reference module in materials science and materials engineering. Once the char is removed, the vapors are cooled and condensed into a liquid bio-crude oil. 2014) and its sorption capacity (Mukherjee et al. These fractions greatly influence soil texture, structure, and porosity (Baghdadi and Zribi 2016). This can be also attributed to the presence of high amounts of lignin in the biomass samples (Raveendran and Ganesh 1998). A higher pyrolysis temperature causes the release of volatile matter and creates more pores (Shaaban et al. It was found that the production of biochar at a higher temperature improved its mesoporosity (from 34.3 to 124.0m2/g) and its affinity for antibiotic sorption from the aquatic environment (from 6.42 to 163.0mg/g for tetracycline sorption and from 2.20 to 261.0mg/g for sulfadiazine sorption). Shariff et al. BIOSTRATEG3/345940/7/NCBR/2017 which wasfinanced by Polish National Centre for Research and Development in the framework ofEnvironment, agriculture and forestry - BIOSTRATEG strategic R&D programme, Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Dowiadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland, Agnieszka Tomczyk,Zofia Sokoowska&Patrycja Boguta, You can also search for this author in 2011a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02227-4, Tong X-J, Li I-Y, Yuan J-H, Xu R-K (2011) Adsorption of Cu(II) by biochars generated from three crop straws. Low moisture is advisable for the biochar production due to considerable reduction the heat energy and time required for the pyrolysis making the process economically viable as compared to pyrolysis involving biomass with high moisture content (Tripathi et al. Here, nitrogen-doped carbon supported Ni SACs ([email protected]) were prepared through effective fast pyrolysis. [24] Direct coal conversion plants were also developed in the US after World War II, including a 3 TPD plant in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and a 250-600 TPD Plant in Catlettsburg, Kentucky.[25]. These microorganisms are food for protozoa, mites, nematodes and other soil biota (Briones 2014). 2017). In one study, the highest contents of P, K and Mg (4.3, 9.9 and 2.8g/kg, respectively) were observed in the biochar obtained at the temperature of 500C, while the temperature of 400C resulted in the maximum contents of carbon and nitrogen (73.6% and 1.9%, respectively) (Saletnik et al. The lignin and cellulose content have influence on biochar formation (Kloss et al. Flame color depends on several factors, the most important typically being black-body radiation and spectral band emission, with both spectral line emission and spectral line absorption playing smaller roles. The use of pyrolysis dates back at least to ancient Egypt (Mohan et al. May be downloaded from: DUMESNY, P. & NOYER J.; Wood products, distillates and extracts; Pub: Scott, Greenwood & Son, 1908. In: Ladygina N, Rineau F (eds) Biochar and soil biota. Diesel engines, gas turbines, steam turbines and boilers can be used directly to generate electricity and heat in CHP systems using syngas and pyrolysis oil. 2016). (2017) explained the increases in Mg, Ca, K, and P on biochars pyrolysed at high temperatures as being due to increased ash content (ranging from 4.0 to 33.1%). Our energy choices and decisions impact Earth's natural systems, as we can see with the defining issue of the era: climate change. J Anal Appl Pyrol 98:2936, Asadullah M, Rahman MA, Ali MM, Rahman MS, Motin MA, Sultan MB, Alam MR (2007) Production of bio-oil from fixed bed pyrolysis of bagasse. 2017). A model of the chemical structure of carbonized charcoal. [37], Synthetic crude may also be created by upgrading bitumen (a tar like substance found in oil sands), or synthesizing liquid hydrocarbons from oil shale. 3. n [5][6][7] These definitions also allow oil sands and oil shale to be understood as synthetic fuel sources. This reaction is the basis for many of the flavoring industry's recipes. Tag et al. Biochar may also adsorb other contaminants, such as PAH, antibiotics, and pesticides (Mui et al. Mineral matter forming ash remains in biochar following carbonization (Domingues et al. In addition to flavor, reaction color, anti-microbial, and texture effects are the functionalities that can only be obtained by topical addition followed by thermal processing. 4) than biomass from herbaceous or grass species (Keiluweit et al. Furthermore, increasing temperature might result in the dehydration of hydroxyl groups and thermal degradation of cellulose and lignin (Zhang et al. 2017). Similar results were reported by Gaskin et al. 2006; Lei and Zhang 2013). Virginia Cooperative Extension, Blacksburg, VA. The process using natural oils and fats goes through a deoxygenation process, followed by hydrocracking and isomerization to produce a renewable Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene jet fuel. These compounds react with oxygen and suppress the initiation of the browning process. 2005). As the meat-processing industry has consolidated, continuous processes have evolved and direct applications of solutions of liquid smoke via showering or drenching systems installed on continuous lines have grown to be the largest type of application method. (2016) described that biochar amendment to fallow land caused decreases in bulk density, particle density, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Chemosphere 95:433441, Ahmad M, Rajapaksha AU, Lim JE, Zhang M, Bolan N, Mohan D, Withanage M, Lee SS, Ok YS (2014b) Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: a review. However, the most common process chain is 2008; Fuertes et al. Hass et al. EBRI has supported 387 small and medium sized enterprises in the West Midlands (Oct 2020); 211 companies have attended EBRIs highly acclaimed Value from Waste Master Class and Challenge Based Consultations devised to help SMEs develop new products and services; 97% of EBRI Master Class business attendees have rated the two-day course as Excellent or Very Good. In addition, bio oil is also a vital source for a wide range of organic compounds and specialty chemicals. This difference could be attributed to the combination of carboxylic functional groups, which contribute most of the CEC among the acidic functional groups, and specific surface area (Singh and Cowie 2010). 2014). This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. It offers an attractive way of converting urban wastes into products which can be effectively used for the production of heat, electricity and chemicals. 2008; Jindo et al. Application of biochar can have positive or negative effects on soil properties, including water holding capacity (Revell et al. Bioresour Technol 101:88688872, Jafri N, Wong WY, Doshi Y, Yoon LW, Cheah KH (2018) A review on production and characterization of biochars for application in direct carbon fuel cells. 2016; Ouyang et al. The Biochar Journal, Arbaz, Switzerland, www.biocharjournal.org/en/ct/10, Ghani WAWAK, Mohd A, de Silva G, Bachmann RT, Taufiq-Yap YH, Rashid U, Al-Muhtaseb AH (2013) Biochar production from waste rubber-wood-sawdust and its potential use in C sequestration: chemical and physical characterization. [41], The environmental footprint of a given synthetic fuel varies greatly depending on which process is employed, what feedstock is used, what pollution controls are employed, and what the transportation distance and method are for both feedstock procurement and end-product distribution. Energy 171:581589, Zhao S-X, Na T, Wang X-D (2017) Effect of temperature on the structural and physicochemical properties of biochar with apple tree branches as feedstock material. The moisture, as well as lignin and cellulose content in biomass have considerable influence on biochar formation. 69.0%. The Maillard reaction also contributes to the preservation of paleofeces.[14]. (2012) showed that biochar has a high CEC and is expected to retain more nutrients in soil and to decrease nutrient leaching. [2] Further, he described the use of the water insoluble tar fraction as a wood preservative and documented the freezing of the wood vinegar to concentrate it. They proved that the copper adsorption occurs through the formation of complexes with surface groups, specifically COOH and phenolic groups (Tong et al. 2014). Catalysts are typically added to the mixture. Heat is transferred by hot gases produced by combustion of part of the produced char. Syngas is cleaned to remove particulates, hydrocarbons, and soluble matter, and then combusted to generate electricity. The pyrolysis experiments were conducted by using a powder-particle fluidised bed reactor and an in-situ FT-IR device. It can be used not only as a renewable fuel, but also as an additive for improvement of soil quality (Lehmann and Joseph 2009). 2011; Wang et al. Coconut husk-feedstock had also higher lignin content (28.2%) than coconut frond feedstock (21.5%). )[citation needed], In particular, FischerTropsch diesel and jet fuels deliver dramatic across-the-board reductions in all major criteria pollutants such as SOx, NOx, Particulate Matter, and Hydrocarbon emissions. Aust J Soil Res 45:629634, Cheah S, Jablonski WS, Olstad JL, Carpenter DL, Barthelemy KD, Robichaud DJ, Andrews JC, Black SK, Oddo MD, Westover TL (2016) Effects of thermal pretreatment and catalyst on biomass gasification efficiency and syngas composition. Chem Eng J 197:295305, Kookana RS, Sarmah AK, Van Zwieten L, Krull E, Singh B (2011) Biochar application to soil: agronomic and environmental benefits and unintended consequences. Environ Pollut 227:98115, Zieliska A, Oleszczuk P, Charmas B, Skubiszewska-Ziba J, Pasieczna-Patkowska S (2015) Effect of sewage sludges properties on the biochar characteristic. 2017). Moreover, Mierzwa-Hersztek et al. In addition to liquid fuels, synthesized gaseous fuels are also considered to be synthetic fuels. There are a number of different carbonization processes. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 103143, Kumar G, Shobana S, Chen WH, Bach QV, Kim S-H, Atabani AE, Chang J-S (2016) A review of thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuels: chemistry and processes. However, the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the surface is not an unambiguous factor conditioning the sorption process of aromatic compounds. The Technology Revolutionizing Commercial Waste Management, Food Waste Management Consumer Behavior and Food Waste Disposers, Anaerobic Digestion: An Option for Organic Waste Management, Home-produced biogas is a promising, sustainable technology. Only products which are the subjects of these evaluations are authorized to be used in commerce within the EU. When the biochar content was only 0.5% for biochar 300C and 0.1% for biochar 400C, the relative contributions of biochar and soil to total phenanthrene sorption were similar, but when the biochar content was increased to 5.0%, phenanthrene sorption of 90.0% and 98.0% was contributed by biochar produced at 300 and 400C, respectively (Chen and Yuan 2011). It can be obtained by polymerization of para-xylylene H 2 C = C 6 H 4 = CH 2.. Cellulose, present in the biomass, helps in the formation of tar (is a mixture of discrete ketones, aldehydes, organic liquids, and char), while high lignin content is favourable for char production during pyrolysis (Tripathi et al. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] The products considered were what each applicant considered their own primary product prior to any further processing or derivatization. This article is about fuels produced from fossil fuels or biomass. However, woody biochar increased Cu adsorption onto Haplic Podzol at pH 3.0 and 5.0, with the most considerable changes observed at pH 5.0 (increase in adsorption of 23.5%) (Tomczyk et al. It is considered to have high moisture and high ash content, lower calorific value, low bulk density and higher voidage (Jafri et al. 2016). Destructive distillation and related processes are in effect the modern industrial descendants of traditional charcoal burning crafts. 2018), but nitrogen and sulphur are lost during pyrolysis (Maguire and Agblevor 2010). Katie is also a Topic Group Representative for Conversion and Early Career Researcher (ECR) champion within the Supergen Bioenergy Hub, Regional Chair for the biomass and wastes special interest group of the Fuel and Energy Research Forum and is a committee member of the IChemE Clean Energy Special Interest Group. The decrease in CEC is due to the removal of surface functional groups and the formation of aromatic carbon (Joseph et al. H Aust J Soil Res 48:618626, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Cox L, Knicker HE, Cornejo J, Spokas KA, Hermosn MC (2015) Characterization and selection of biochar for an efficient retention of tricyclazole in a flooded alluvial paddy soil. 2010). (2012) suggested that the various metals inherent in animal litter may protect against the loss of volatile material by changing the dissociation energies of organic and inorganic C bonds. Guo et al. The higher surface area of the charcoal produced from softwood bark may be explained by a partial activation of this sample by the water present in the feedstock and by creation of voids by evolving steam (Darmstadt et al. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management science and technology. The non-combustible component content of the herbaceous biochar was higher than that of the woody biochar, which can be attributed to the fact that grass biochar, has a lower specific surface area (Wang et al. [9] Conversion methods could be direct conversion into liquid transportation fuels, or indirect conversion, in which the source substance is converted initially into syngas which then goes through additional conversion process to become liquid fuels. Professor Tony Bridgwater first started working on biofuels in a study commissioned by the UK Government after the oil crises of the 1970s. The application of liquid smoke to food has grown to encompass a wide variety of methods[16] employing thousands of commercial formulations worldwide. 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