how is natural gas extracted from shale
how is natural gas extracted from shale
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how is natural gas extracted from shale
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how is natural gas extracted from shale
How is shale gas extracted? - Quora In the end, shale-gas extraction--like expanded nuclear power generation and "clean coal" -- may be a necessary, if unpleasant, step forward in a world without oil unless clean alternatives are more proactively developed. Major shale deposits currently being developed in the United States include the Antrim, Barnett, Fayetteville, Haynesville, Marcellus, and Woodford Shale. The various ways to drill for fossil fuels. Annual; Company-level supply and disposition; Release date: September 30, 2022; Annual company-level supply and disposition data for all natural gas local distribution companies in the United States. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: David DeFranza, Planet Green In natural gas extraction, carbon dioxide (CO2) is almost always present as a byproduct, and in its hydrated form (H2CO3), it is a well-known corrosive species. You cannot download interactives. Most people probably associate natural gas extraction with the process of fracking (hydraulic fracturing). 1996 - 2022 National Geographic Society. }. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - U.S. Energy Information Step 1: A long vertical or angled well is drilled and extended a mile or more into the earth until it nears the rock formation where the natural gas is trapped. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Dr. Hee-Sun Lee, The Concord Consortium, The Concord Consortium Fracturing fluids have not contaminated any water supply and with that much distance to an aquifer, it is very unlikely they could. Natural gas extracted from shale, the green way - Research Welcome to the 8th Annual Shale & Public Health Conference 2020 - Day 2. Tell students the United States has produced natural gas commercially for over 100 years. lesson. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catskill_Magnafacies.svg). Tell students the Marcellus Shale contains natural gas. Learn more: Dry shale gas production estimates by play. The main enabling technologies, hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, have opened up new areas for oil and gas development, with particular focus on natural gas reservoirs such as shale, coalbed and tight sands. Check students' comprehension by asking them the following questions: 2. Burning coal currently provides about 50 percent of the electricity used in the United States and it accounts for about 40 percent of all U.S. carbon dioxide emissions, as well as a number of other pollutants. What about disposing of the water that flows out of the well after hydraulic fracturing? . Speaking of renewables, wouldn't we be better off directing our efforts toward renewable resources such as solar, wind and water? According to the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), the fracking process requires an extensive array of drilling equipment. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock, with smaller spaces or pores containing gas, and these spaces are relatively unconnected to each other. How Fracking Affects the Environment and Public Health, What Types of Chemicals Are Used in Fracking? Over the last five to 10 years, however, it has been demonstrated that by carefully controlled hydraulic fracturing in a well drilled horizontally into the shale, you can enhance the permeability of the shale to produce commercial quantities of gas. Shale gas extraction technology - polskielupki.com Shale gas - Wikipedia Re-Imagine Turtle Creek Watershed & Airshed Communities. Recent studies have estimated that the carbon footprint of shale-gas extraction is as much as 20 percent higher than originally thought. Shale Gas & Hydraulic Fracturing | Concepts, Concerns & Fracking Shale oil extraction is an industrial process for unconventional oil production. The NOAA Weather Forecast Modelprovides a good example. To me, enhanced utilization of shale gas resources provides an opportunity to transition to clean and renewable sources over the next few decades while helping to meet current and growing global energy needs. Energy Information Administration. Horizontal drilling is commonly used in shale gas extraction as a means to increase potential production. Tell students they will be asked questions about the certainty of their predictions and to think about what scientific data is available as they assess their certainty with their answers. Estimates are that switching to natural gas would reduce carbon dioxide emissions from gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles by about 25 percent. Shale gas is a form of natural gas (mostly methane), found underground in shale rock. First of all, is the threat it poses to local groundwater resources. geophysicists use physical characteristics, such as magnetic and gravitational properties, to guess the type and shape of subsurface rocks. But as gas plays a bigger role in meeting Inform students they will be working through a series of pages of models with questions related to the models. Once the surface petroleum is tapped, fracking is employed. Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations. As explained by National Geographic, vertical drilling involves plunging a single vertical drill into the Earths surface, and pulling up whatever gas or oil is found in that particular gas well. Nonetheless, identifying measures to reduce the environmental impact and improve the safety of shale gas production are precisely the issues the subcommittee was asked to address in our report. Geologists find oil and natural gas deposits by reading the history in the rocks. Sedimentary basins rich in natural gas are found all over the world. In order to gain access to these natural gas reservoirs, a hole (sometimes called a well) must be drilled through the rock to allow the gas to escape and be harvested. Ask: Share with students that recent technologies have made it possible to extract natural gas from deep underground shale formations. Human civilization heavily impacts the environment and the rich natural resources we depend on. Instead, a process known as "hydraulic fracturing" must be used. How Will Natural Gas Be Harnessed In The Marcellus Shale? Renewable Natural Gas Production . 02. Other concerns include local community impacts through potential noise pollution, increased road traffic (due to lorry movement), damage to the natural environment and space required for drilling sites. In 2015, the total amount of unproved technically recoverable resources of shale gas was estimated at 214.6 trillion cubic metres (tcm), across 46 countries. Shale is a tightly packed sedimentary rock. Provide students with the link to the Extracting Gas from Shale interactive. We call for more and better data collection before, during and after drilling, so that if problems are encountered, the causes can be established and remedies more easily identified. 01. The US Geological Survey noted that there has been an increase in seismicity around shale gas operations since 2009 in the state of Oklahoma, but that most of this was due to the disposal of wastewater rather than fracking. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Natural Gas | National Geographic Society 1. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. This gas, however, is locked in shale and cannot simply be drilled out. The effects of shale gas production on natural gas prices I see natural gas as a transition fuel to an energy future that is far less dependent on fossil fuels. How Will Natural Gas Be Harnessed In The Marcellus Shale Alternatively, it can be treated and reused, which is the preferable solution. Mark Zoback, Department of Geophysics: (650) 725-9295, zoback@stanford.edu, Louis Bergeron, Stanford News Service: (650) 725-1944, louisb3@stanford.edu, A publication of Stanford's Office of University Communications, Stanford University. Students use an interactive computational model and real-world data to evaluate the environmental impact of extracting natural gas to generate electricity. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The impact of this fluid causes fissures to form, opening new channels for the fracturing slurry to probe and releasing the stored gas in the process. Corn, soybeans, and wheat are globally exported from this region and serve as the main economy. Why must natural gas be extracted from shale by fracking? Hydraulic fracturing - commonly known as fracking - is the process used to extract shale gas. This activity targets the following skills: The resources are also available at the top of the page. This fracking fluid is about 97 percent water, with chemical additives and small solid proppants which are used to keep the fractures open after the initial drill. First, wellbore is drilled into the layer of rock. It pointed out that any tremors would be due to injected fluids activating pre-existing faults in the rock, rather than the shattering of the rocks during fracking itself. Hydraulic fracturing increases the permeability of the shale by forcing open the natural cracks in the shale. Show the Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production Graph. See how hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, releases petroleum or natural gas trapped in shale rock formations. From there it is piped away for commercial use. Discuss the role of uncertainty in the scientific process. Wastewater tanks, hoses, and other equipment often have unforeseen cracks or leaks, which results in spillage and contamination of local habitats or municipal water supplies. The shale is very porous, but it is not very permeable. Access, or the lack thereof, contributes to a places economic development, political relationships, and culture. Sustainability Policy| Perhaps you think the US would be better off without fracking with very high natural gas prices. The drill moves through the previously identified vein of petroleum-rich shale and pulls from all along the longitudinal axis. Put simply, hydraulic fracturing is the process of injecting liquid and materials at high pressure to create small fractures within tight shale formations to stimulate the production and safely extract energy from an underground well after the drilling has ended and the rig and derrick are removed from the site. In addition, EIA notes the expanded role shale gas is expected to have in the future. The largest estimated resources are in China (31.6 tcm), followed by Argentina (22.7 tcm), Algeria (20 tcm), the United States (17.6 tcm) and Canada (16.2 tcm). Chemically identical to conventional natural gas, renewable natural gas (RNG) is the . Houghton Street The activities work best if usedin sequence. Let students know that this is Activity 3 of the What Are Our Energy Choices? Deep holes are drilled down into the shale rock followed by horizontal drilling to access more of the gas reserves as shale reserves are typically distributed horizontally rather than vertically. When gas is trapped in shale rock formations, a mix of water, chemicals and sand are injected into the ground at high pressure to break up the rocks and allow the gas to escape upwards. Uncertainty items allow for classroom debates over the evidence. As of March 2014 there were approximately 1.1 million oil and gas wells in the United States, a direct consequence of technological advances that have increased domestic energy production to levels unseen since the 1970s.Much of the growth has been in natural gas obtained through hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking," which involves injecting immense quantities of water and chemicals into . Our study addressed some of the things that could be done to accomplish this while reducing the environmental impact of shale gas production. Some are discussing its redeeming qualities in relation to other, more pollutive fossil fuels, but most discourse centers around how natural gas is extracted and how bad it is for the environment. Learn more about how individuals and communities can manage their resources to support themselves and the world around them. Natural Gas Extraction - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The term "shale gas" means natural gas located in rocks (slates) which is "trapped" in them, which prevents its extraction using typical methods for a normally spread resource of this type around the world (which have been widely exploited for many decades) Reaching shale gas and its extraction was made possible by using and developing well-known technologies of horizontal drilling and . 2. a mathematical model that requires extensive computational resources to study the behavior of a complex system by computer simulation. Annual Energy Outlook 2013 projects that U.S. natural gas production will rise an estimated 44 percent over the next 30 years, with much of this increase in production expected to come from shale gas extraction. This allows the shale to hold a lot of oil/natural gas but makes it difficult to remove those energy sources. Extracting onshore oil and gas - Natural Resources Wales Subsequent sedimentation and the resultant heat and pressure transformed the mud into shale and also produced natural gas from the organic matter contained in it. Annual; International natural gas . Shale gas was generated from organic mud deposited at the bottom of ancient bodies of water. I say unfortunate because it has led to unnecessary suspicion and paranoia. First, wellbore is drilled into the layer of rock. Stanford, California 94305. Shale Gas Extraction. Once this access hole has been established, the pressurized fluid -- usually a slurry of water, sand, and chemicals -- is shot against the rock. More and more natural gas is being extracted from underground shale deposits, but environmental concerns have been raised. Offers may be subject to change without notice. Hydraulic fracturing or "fracking" is a technique that uses fluid, usually water . Water or other fluids, such as propane, are pumped into wells, cracking open the natural fissures in the rock. Once this access hole has been established, the pressurized fluid -- usually a slurry of water, sand, and chemicals -- is shot against the rock. A study published in 2016 by US Environmental Protection Agency in 2016 found that fracking can potentially lead to the contamination of drinking water. No matter how clean it might be relative to gasoline, natural gas is still a fossil fuel, and as long as we keep cutting environmental corners to extract it, the potential dangers it presents will always outweigh its scant virtues. These studies indicate that water contamination can also occur from spillages on the ground, or cracks in wells allowing leakage risks faced from all oil and gas extraction and preventative actions can be taken. Mark Zoback, a professor of geophysics at Stanford University, was asked to be part of that panel, which recently released its first report; He spoke with Stanford Report about shale gas as an energy source and the recommendations in the report. Recovery rates for shale gas are much lower than for conventional gas. Deep holes are drilled down into the shale rock, followed by horizontal drilling to access more of the gas, as shale reserves are typically distributed horizontally rather than vertically. Since Earth's continents are continually moving and areas that were once covered by water may no longer be covered by water, geologists look for sedimentary rocks with high organic matter content. High-pressure, high-volume fracking pumps are used to push fluid into the rock. Sign up to our newsletters and get the latest analysis, research, commentary and details of upcoming events. Each energy resource has its advantages and disadvantages. It is somewhat ironic that nearly all of the reported problems associated with shale gas development have been attributed to hydraulic fracturing, when in fact the exact opposite is the case. Oil and natural gas are formed when organic material is compacted and heated over long periods of time. Copyright 2022 Green Matters. The first well in the United States drilled specifically to produce natural gas tapped into a shale gas deposit in Fredonia, New York in 1821 [].Because of the very low permeability of these shales, however, conventional extraction using vertical wells proved not to be cost-effective, as more easily exploited deposits were found elsewhere. More natural gas is being extracted from underground shale deposits, but environmental concerns have been raised. To save students' data for grading online, register your class for free at theHigh-Adventure Science portal page. Hydraulic fracturing increases the permeability of the shale by forcing open the natural cracks in the shale. Because shale has matrix permeability too low to allow gas to flow in economical quantities, shale gas wells depend on fractures to allow the gas to flow. Resource estimates refer to the amount of natural gas that is believed to exist in a particular location. Recent technologies have made it possible to extract the oil and natural gas trapped in deep shale formations. The impact of this fluid causes fissures to form, opening new channels for the fracturing slurry to probe and releasing the stored gas in the process. Introduce students to the idea that science is a process of learning how the world works and that scientists do not know the right answers when they start to investigate a question. Shale gas is natural gas produced from shale. This lists the logos of programs or partners of, Geologic Cross-Section of Ohio and Pennsylvania, Information, Communications, and Technology Literacy, Reading Standards for Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects 6-12, National Geographic Magazine: Bakken Shale Oil, National Geographic: Daily News: Breaking Fuel From the Rock, National Geographic Encyclopedic Entry: natural gas, National Geographic Encyclopedic Entry: oil shale.
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