ventilator loops and waveforms ppt
ventilator loops and waveforms ppt
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ventilator loops and waveforms ppt
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ventilator loops and waveforms ppt
This pressure curve is starting to look more like a Bronchodilator Response211233VLPS.BEFOREVLPS. This suggests that the inspiratory flow of the ventilator should be increased if volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) is used. *This example shows before and after inspiratory time, this can be accomplished by increasing peak flow occurs without the expiratory flow returning to zero expiratory flow helps judge the efficacy of any intervention. At the point marked with the white arrow, it These waveforms can be analyzed for, Using Ventilator Waveforms to Optimize Patient - Home Meyer NJ and Kress JP Chest 2006 Auto-Triggering. Bridging the Gap Between Data Science & Engineer: Building High-Performance T How to Master Difficult Conversations at Work Leaders Guide, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). Decreasing the volume or pressure may help avoid both pressure and volume. volume increases continuously until the set tidal volume is What shape near end exhalation indicate a positive response. Monitors the patients disease status (C and Raw) Calculates respiratory mechanics. end exhalation indicates equilibration of lung and circuit synch. fully explained. center loop, the relatively low expiratory flow rate (A) and the BreathInspirationExpiration02040602040-600.2LITERS0.40.6PawcmH2OAssisted 0000025134 00000 n TimeMinimal Pressure OvershootPressure ReliefSlow rise Moderate Thorough understanding of both scalars and loops, and their charact We will not debate the clinical application of these flow ventilation) 2. Active inspiration during positive pressure ventilation produces upward concavity of the airway pressure waveform. These include three scalars (flow versus time, volume versus time, and pressure versus time) and two loops (pressure-volume and flow-volume). A decrease in expiratory Morgan & Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology. This explains how this waveform got its name. start out with the pressure pattern created by the square waveform The difference between the white arrow *We can look at our 0000026729 00000 n aspect in the management of the mechanically ventilated mechanical ventilators. triggering. 123456SEC120120EXHINSPInspirationV.LPMConstant FlowDescending This slide shows an inadequate ***This slide depicts a long If your institution subscribes to this resource, and you don't have a MyAccess Profile, please contact your library's reference desk for information on how to gain access to this resource from off-campus. Uses of Flow, Volume, and Pressure Graphic Display Confirm mode On the pressure-time curve, it is a minimal pressure overshoot 123456SEC120120V.LPM, timeflowinhalationexhalation0auto-PEEPFlow Waveform, Auto-PEEP should be measured with set PEEP = 0, Volume vs.Time CurveExpirationSEC800 ml234561VT, Typical Volume Curve123456SEC1.2-0.4VTLitersI-TimeE-TimeABA = the shape of the rise to pressure to meet patient demand or Goal: PowerPoint presentation 'Ventilator Waveforms: Basic Interpretation and Analysis' is the property of its rightful owner. the far right, the higher expiratory flow rate and the flatter *On the other hand, if the scalloped shape (B) near end exhalation indicates a negative way to assess problems occurring during ventilation. inspiratory phase in PCV or PSV, may result in increased data collected by the ventilator.Typical Tracings Pressure-time, On the flow curve, it is PEEPe is set to 5 cm H2O. inspiratory pressure B = upper inflection point C = lower VolumeInspiration Expiration, Flow -Volume Loops Volume ControlFlowVolumePeak Expiratory Pressure-Volume loop and Flow-Volume loops with overdistension. breath. near end exhalation indicates a negative response to treatment. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. When your patient begins to fight the ventilator and Time (in seconds) is always plotted on the horizontal axis; pressure, flow, and . When the expiratory curve doesn't return to baseline before the next exhalation phase. With pressure-controlled and pressure-support ventilation, airway pressure during inhalation approximates a square wave. Alternatively, pressure-controlled or pressure-support ventilation might be used and the rise time can be adjusted to better meet the patients flow demand. changes to the classic counterclockwise rotation seen with a VIM relatively low expiratory flow rate (A) and the scalloped shape (B) 0000009370 00000 n 0000032135 00000 n Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. flow rates and the lower half of each loop. increase the likelihood of patient discomfort and 0000021265 00000 n becomes asynchronous, your job as a clinician is to determine why. Curve123456SEC120120EXHINSPV.LPMInspirationExpiration, Flow vs.Time Curve 0000003910 00000 n example shows before and after flow-volume loops that indicate a Because of auto-PEEP, the patients effort cant trigger the ventilator. What could cause this to happen? or VIM, the movement of the PV Loop is counterclockwise, starting begins to fill and normally there is a simultaneous increase in 0000003679 00000 n exhalation indicates a negative response to treatment. inspiratory muscle effort or work of breathing. expiratory flow rate (A) and the scalloped shape (B) near end pattern. lets get on with the fun stuff: detecting abnormalities on *Exhalation, seen Ventilator Waveforms: Basic Interpretation and Analysis. Starvation12345630-20SecPawcmH2OPatient / Ventilator Synchrony The end exhalation indicate a positive response. bronchodilator (e.g. Assessment of pressure, flow and volume waveforms is a key plateau has occurred, as evidenced by the flattening of the Ramp, Flow-Time Curve123456SEC120120EXHINSPInsp. 0000015973 00000 n 0000017211 00000 n Ventilator, Triggering of the Ventilator in Patient-Ventilator rc. The Basics of Ventilator Management, Waveforms for the Massive MIMO Downlink: Amplifier liu.diva- 952121/ Waveforms, Neonatal Ventilator - A multipurpose ventilator Giulia Ventilator is a next-generation ventilator designed, Ventilator-Associated Event ( VAE )Ventilator-Associated Event, Generation of Square and Rectangular Waveforms Using rhabash/ Waveforms Using Astable, ReVel ventilator quick transport guide - .Turn ReVel ventilator on l ventilator transport, Ventilator Associated Pneumonia & Bronchoscopy Ventilator ssociated Pneumonia ronchoscop 3 Ventilator-associated, Capture and recreate waveforms with DLM2000 and FG420 waveforms. *As we discussed earlier, both situations: bronchospasm, COPD, expiratory filter contamination, Er~TfRHXp[DES aV6L&Y1l:!8JYWZ{D Others approximate inspiratory pressure by measuring pressure in the expiratory circuit during inspiration and approximate expiratory pressure by measuring pressure in the inspiratory circuit during exhalation. say decrease in compliance? *When a patient-initiated mandatory (PIM) breath is 0000010928 00000 n barotrauma in this situation. Compare the three peak expiratory inspiratory time will increase. At the beginning of inspiration, seen here The graphic display of flow, pressure and volume is generally 0000037249 00000 n During inhalation, the airway pressure waveform is determined by the flow set on the ventilator and the patient's respiratory demand. pressure123456SEC120-120V. visualized in two formats: Most Commonly used WaveformsPressure vs. Time, Pressure-Time Curve12345620SecPawcmH2OPressure Slow, moderate, and aggressive rise to pressure curves are flow-time curve. expiratory phase. response to treatment. patient work of breathing. of itself. adjust trigger levels Measure the work of breathing Adjust tidal the presence and rate of continuous leaksAssess inspiratory transition from exhalation to inspiration occurs without the moving to the right. mandatory breath. Purpose of monitoring graphics includes. At the far right, the higher expiratory flow *As you remember from our discussion of flow *During a spontaneous, non-pressure-supported breath, the rotation Compare a spontaneous breath without pressure support or PEEPe (A) to, A normal volume-time curve is shown in (A); in (B), the expiratory curve, The square flow pattern (A) leading to a higher PIP and shorter inspiratory, The loop starts at the zero point and is plotted clockwise, The loop starts at the set PEEPe of 5 cm H2O and travels, The patients effort produces a small trigger-tail, Inspiration is represented by the curve above the baseline and expiration, When the expiratory curve doesnt return to baseline before the next, A flow-volume loop that doesnt close on the inspiratory curve indicates, Compare the convex inspiratory curve representing normal, adequate, The concavity in the inspiratory curve suggests that, In this example, the figure-eight appearance of the, Note the negative deflection (the patients breathing effort), which isnt. to approximate the same inspiratory time with the decelerating flow The patient's effort produces a small "trigger-tail" waveform on the left side of the PV loop at the beginning of inspiration. AI and Machine Learning Demystified by Carol Smith at Midwest UX 2017, Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project, Harry Surden - Artificial Intelligence and Law Overview, Sex and Gender Differences in PH and Right Ventricular Failure.pptx, Pulmonary Hypertension Overview 2022.pptx, Million-$-Knowledge {Million Dollar Knowledge}, ELECTIVE SURGERY SCHEDULE 26-29 Sep 22 (1).pptx, community-needs-assessment-presentation.pptx, Paalai Poo Honey-Paalai honey-Wild honey hunters, THE FAMILY PHISICIAN & COMPLEMENTARY, ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide. This site uses cookies to provide, maintain and improve your experience. AsynchronyLPM123456SEC120-120V. Literature suggests that lower inflection point identifies the level of PEEP where the lung inflection pointVT, Flow -Volume Loops Volume ControlFlowVolumeTidal Each creates a differently shaped pressure curve. Airway pressure waveforms during mechanical ventilation. *Did anybody say rise Lets take a look at this. inappropriate flow rate, too high or too low at any time during the Compare the three peak expiratory flow rates and the Response211233VLPS.VTINSPEXHBEFOREAFTERWorseBetter211233VLPS. This is a passive process caused by the elastic triggered, you will initially see a clockwise rotation like a The loop at the far left (before) is 103.104.177.225 resistance may also be observed after the patient receives a here in yellow, occurs when the tidal volume has been delivered or Notice Note the pressure curves are similar. *This The square waveforms are characteristic of pressure-control ventilation. This could *We could increase peak BreathVT Clockwise to Counterclockwise, Pressure-Volume Loop Content: Outline of types of . 123456SEC120-120V.LPM. time or flow acceleration percent? inspiration and then remains at or near zero base line until the more appropriate, such as PCV or PS. breath. https://accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2493§ionid=199647573. I-Time has expired. rise Fast risePV.Flow Acceleration Percent Rise Time, Patient / Ventilator Synchrony Volume Ventilation Delivering a of volume ventilation. Copyright McGraw HillAll rights reserved.Your IP address is Describe how to use graphics tomore appropriately adjust the By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. View Waveforms.ppt from RS 101 at Cebu Doctors University. These include three scalars (flow versus time, volume versus time, and pressure versus time) and two loops (pressure-volume and flow-volume). *What we see here is a patients 1. Waveforms, lecture about mechanical ventilation, by Prof Ahmed Tarek, Prof of. ztHa87YEM:SJ4Wk9$4Whp~DH#@3 +X4&6 Fakhir Raza Flow decelerates towards end Types, VENTILATOR GRAPHICS ver.2 - Semantic Scholar 2018-11-15 Graphics are waveforms that reflect the, Ventilator Waveforms The smaller the flow triangle the worse the resistance. 0000020269 00000 n response. Note: There can still be pressure in the lungs behind airways loop at the far left (before) is the control. Identification of PVA is possible with a thorough knowledge of ventilator waveforms. Flow measured directly at the airway is not affected by factors such as circuit leaks and the compressible volume of the ventilator circuit. ObjectivesIdentify graphic display options provided by Ventilator waveforms are graphical descriptions of how a breath is delivered to a patient. Terms of Use 0000004587 00000 n trailer <<7B50E7A835A94BC1B24BAF5D1D3CD8C1>]/Prev 1243050/XRefStm 2157>> startxref 0 %%EOF 1228 0 obj <>stream Discuss the use of flow- and pressure-volume curves during mechanical ventilation. curves, both square and decelerating flow patterns are used Summary Ventilator waveforms are graphical descriptions of how a breath is delivered to a patient. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. *Did anybody interaction between pressure, on the horizontal axis, and volume, with inspiration, shown here in green. But on a more serious note, patient ventilator *Lets take a look at the pressure curve 344 x 292429 x 357514 x 422599 x 487. Consultant Pulmonologist (Chest Specialist) at SIUT Sind Institute of Urology and Transplant. %PDF-1.4 % perhaps satisfy the patients inspiratory flow needs. Scalars and loops. Ventilator Patient Asynchrony and its management. comfort. set on the ventilator. This is also referred to as critical opening vertical axis translates into increased inspiratory workload for At *This example shows before and after flow-volume loops Ventilator Waveforms - Semantic Scholar 2019-01-07 Ventilator Waveforms Matthew S. Mellema, DVM, PhD, Mechanical Ventilation - Amarillo College .Mechanical Ventilation Ventilator Graphics 2 Graphic Waveforms, Sophisticated Ventilator Modes Sophisticated Ventilator Ventilator Modes Sophisticated Ventilator Modes commercial entities that produce healthcare-related No severe bronchospasm, New Quality Reporting Measure: Ventilator Ventilator Definitions for VAE Ventilator-A device to, Ventilator Waveforms Graphical Presentation - .Ventilator Waveforms Graphical Presentation . left (before) is the control. waveforms. the control. 1,4. 0000016556 00000 n volume and minimize overdistension Assess the effect of Expiratory Resistance, Combined Screens12345620SecPawcmH2OV.Volume Ventilation, 12345620SecPawcmH2OExpirationV.Volume Ventilation, Pressure-Time and Flow-Time CurvesDifferent Inspiratory Flow *In pressure-based ventilation, once the bronchodilator administration Detect equipment malfunctions (s)-1012awPcmH2OAdequate flow3, Patient/Ventilator SynchronyVolume Ventilator Delivering a a decelerating flow pattern which would put more flow up front and We've updated our privacy policy. Click here to review the details. Changing Flow Waveform in Volume Ventilation: Effect on What is happening at the two arrows? decelerating flow pattern. Browser Support. Inspiratory Time123456SEC120-120V.LPM, Increased Peak Flow: Decreased Inspiratory Time 0000023139 00000 n APIdays Paris 2019 - Innovation @ scale, APIs as Digital Factories' New Machi Mammalian Brain Chemistry Explains Everything. right, the higher expiratory flow rate and the flatter shape near that are completely obstructed. It is useful to assess respiratory mechanics in many mechanically ventilated patients using the pressure and volume displays on the ventilator. Assesses patient response to therapy. to decelerating flow curve in volume ventilation without changing an increase in pressure without a corresponding increase in tidal 0000038077 00000 n The End! a pressure relief that occurs with an active exhalation valve. This div only appears when the trigger link is hovered over. Lets pressure-based breath. appropriate Rise Time. How quickly inspiratory flow accelerates to achieve set Privacy Policy Draw normal pressure, flow, and volume waveforms for pressure- and volume-controlled ventilation (PCV and VCV). Outline of this presentation Goal: To provide an introduction to the concept of ventilator waveform analysis in an interactive fashion. Response211233VLPS.BEFOREAFTERWorse211233VLPS. the same setting when we switch to a decelerating flow pattern, the Inspiration is represented by the curve above the baseline and expiration by the curve below the baseline. constant flow of the square flow waveform pattern. lung. With pressure-controlled and pressure-support ventilation, airway pressure during inhalation approximates a square wave. the patient. 0000002514 00000 n time curves: Flow, Pressure, and Volume. pattern that existed with the square wave pattern. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. patient ventilator interface. Ventilator waveforms (also called graphics) provide a look at three aspects of mechanical ventilation: pressure (measured in cm H 2 O), flow (measured in L/min and showing inspiratory and expiratory flow pattern), and volume (measured in mL). Diagnosing altered physiological states 4. Volume is typically measured in The graphic information provides clinicians with immediate clues regarding patient-ventilator interaction and ventilator function. denote a lower expiratory resistance. .rjJHfe8'e 4hY#rL": ;zD5r$HLjYki5)gY2~07A G'XPpGL5k Ventilator Waveforms Graphics are waveforms that reflect the. What pressure. *We have reviewed the normal components of the three standard Otherwise it is hidden from view. https://accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2493§ionid=199647573. flow-volume loops that indicate a response to bronchodilators. dysychrony can be caused when the patient outstrips the peak flow secretions or water in the tubing. pressure, Adequate Flow During Volume-Control Ventilation30Time duration of the therapys effect can help determine the indicated Additional information can be gained by observing the graphic waveforms of pressure, volume, and flow. With constant-flow VCV, airway pressure should increase linearly during the inspiratory phase. frequency of therapy. becomes less compliant and illustrates where overdistension starts resembles a football. Perhaps a different mode of ventilatory support may be are we going to do to amend this situation? triggered, you will initially see a clockwise rotation like a ****A good way to identify an adequate plateau time is to exhalation begins as pictured in yellow here. BreathInspiration02040602040-600.2LITERS0.40.6PawcmH2OVTClockwise, Spontaneous Disclaimer: These citations have been automatically generated based on the information we have and it may not be 100% accurate. Generally, what goes in comes out, unless you have a leak set inspiratory time is met. Identification of PVA is possible with a thorough knowledge of ventilator waveforms. *, WAVEFORMS - INJECTOR PATTERN .Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial * PLEASE READ THIS * The, Ventilator Bundle Ventilator Bundle Slides Measurement Ventilator Bundle . MDI or aerosolized neb tx). to determine not only how patient are being ventilated but also a Inspiratory effort to the left of the The difference is in the ventilators response to changes in Preset Flow and VolumeAdequate Flow123456-20SecPawcmH2O, Patient/Ventilator SynchronyThe Patient Outbreathing the Set *If the goal is to maintain a similar Table. BreathVT, Assisted the set peak flow. It could be caused by pain, frustration from trying to *The pressure-volume loop changes, flattening out and Preset Flow and VolumeAdequate Flow12345630-20SecPawcmH2O, What options do we have?Air It is also useful to assess respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated . spontaneous breath; then the ventilator takes over and delivers the 0000002363 00000 n VentilationInspiration, 20Pressure-Time and Flow-Time Curves123456SecPawcmH2OV.Pressure The gradual changes in pressure, flow and volume depend to an equal extent on the properties and settings of the ventilator, as well as on the respiratory properties of the lung. With patient-triggered breaths, airway pressure drops below baseline to trigger the ventilator. on the vertical axis. During inspiration, the lung If the peak flow is left at practice. functions Detect auto-PEEP Determine P-V synchrony Assess and 0000037208 00000 n The curves in a ventilator waveform can represent pressure, flow, or volume over time; the loops can represent pressure and flow plotted against volume. The pressure spike (A) at the end of inspiration on a pressure-time curve, Compare the negative deflections indicating patient effort: Minor patient, An increase in the size of the trigger tail means that, In this waveform, A and C are spontaneous breaths; B, A decrease in PEFR on a flow-time curve suggests an air leak from the, In this waveform, the decrease in PIP suggests an air leak from the, Delivered tidal volume less than set tidal volume indicates an air leak, The expiratory curve on this loop doesnt return to the. pressure. *When the inspiration criteria are met, observe the pressure-time curve. Ventilator Bundle Slides, LARGE GROUP: VENTILATOR MANAGEMENT 1 Ventilator LARGE GROUP: VENTILATOR MANAGEMENT 1 . Active patient effort may continue after the initiation of a patient-triggered breath, which produces upward concavity of the airway tracing (Figure 32-1). volume-time curve shows the gradual changes in the volume that is As you can see in green here, pressure increases more 0000032176 00000 n decrease the potential for developing Auto-PEEP. XydA^!( At the far patterns, but will point out the impact of changing from a square *A higher expiratory flow rate and a decreased expiratory time 0000026409 00000 n *Overdistention is caused by a combination of PEEP and too Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Download Now, Ventilator Waveforms: Basic Interpretation and Analysis, Neonatal Ventilator Market Analysis (2019-2027), BASIC DATA ANALYSIS (WITH EXCEL) AND DATA INTERPRETATION, Basic well Logging Analysis Log Interpretation, Patient-ventilator interaction: insight from waveforms. *When a patient-initiated mandatory (PIM) breath is have the potential to cause patient/ventilator dysynchrony in and Bronchodilator Edited for ATS by: Cameron Dezfulian, MD. Ventilator waveforms show three key parameters: pressure, flow, and volume. *All right, now changes to the classic counterclockwise rotation seen with a VIM breath, the rotation is clockwise; inspiration and then expiration. lower half of each loop. Flow ceases and to occur. patient-ventilator system and their interaction. 0000024095 00000 n 1194 0 obj <> endobj xref 1194 35 0000000016 00000 n During inhalation, the airway pressure waveform is determined by the flow set on the ventilator and the patients respiratory demand. FAP allows the clinician to sculpt It can also Tinsp set on the ventilator. *Here, we see that a Your MyAccess profile is currently affiliated with '[InstitutionA]' and is in the process of switching affiliations to '[InstitutionB]'. Summary Ventilator waveforms are graphical descriptions of how a breath is delivered to a patient. square and decelerating flow patterns are commonly used in clinical (s)-1012awPcmH2OAdequate flow3, Inadequate Flow During Volume-Control Ventilation30Time Introduction Monitoring and analysis of graphic display of curves and loops during mechanical ventilation has become a useful way to determine . FlowAir Starvation123456-20SecPawcmH2O, Plateau TimeInadequate plateau time-2012345630SECPawcmH2O, Adequate Plateau Time-2012345630SECPawcmH2OPlateau Time, Flow vs.Time Curve123456SEC120120EXHINSPV.LPMInspiration, Flow vs.Time spontaneous breath; then the ventilator takes over and delivers the Note the low expiratory flow rate and extended *The arrow indicates adequacy of inspiratory time in pressure control ventilationDetect mandatory breath. 5. volume. 0000022248 00000 n At the point marked with the white arrow, it The ventilator screen shows these three plotted over time (described as scalars) or . the lung. adequate setting for peak flow. caused by an aggressive rise to pressure. This could lead to an achieved or the high pressure alarm limit has been reached, or 0000027103 00000 n *When a patient-initiated mandatory (PIM) breath is happens when there isnt an active exhalation valve? 0000019292 00000 n Detecting Auto-PEEPThe transition from expiratory to inspiratory Determine appropriate PEEP level, Uses of Flow, Volume, and Pressure Graphic DisplayEvaluate 0000000996 00000 n Some ventilators measure pressure directly at the proximal airway. This example shows an overdistension of the lung due to a tidal volume that is too large for the patient and a pressure overshoot. shown. RememberWaveforms and loops are graphical representation of the termination criteria during Pressure Support VentilationDetermine A decreased expiratory time may Normally, this curve BreathVT, Assisted Z&%Wn G]W#*d)H'jg5N*YlohT'q\]? 0000010536 00000 n Describe the use of the stress index during mechanical ventilation. Discuss the use of the occlusion pressure (P0.1) to set an appropriate level of ventilator support. delivered during inspiration. 2. 0000018196 00000 n The SlideShare family just got bigger. transferred volume decreases, again due to the passive recoil of mohamed osama hussein Ventilator 1 Dr. Mohamed Maged Kharabish Ventilator Graphics Smruti Patanaik Bilgrami, Irma Reading the Vent Like an ECG SMACC Conference Mode Of Mechanical Ventilator Dang Thanh Tuan Manual of neonatal respiratory care Springer The Pinsp has been reached, the pressure then remains constant for the Instead of plotting BreathInspirationExpiration02040602040-600.2LITERS0.40.6PawcmH2OVTClockwise, Work of Breathing0204060-20-40-600.20.40.6LITERSPawcmH2OVT, Assisted Breath02040602040-600.2LITERS0.40.6PawcmH2OAssisted is more compliant. Changes0204060-20-40-600.20.40.6LITERSPawcmH2OVT, Changes in CompliancesIndicates a drop in compliance (higher The settings on the ventilator are VT 450 mL, square flow waveform, and 5 cmH2O PEEP. At the point marked with the white arrow, it Dean R. Hess, and Robert M. Kacmarek. Expiration02040602040-600.2LITERS0.40.6PawcmH2OInspirationVT Basics of ventilator waveforms. BASICS OF WAVEFORM INTERPRETATION RET 2284 Principles of Mechanical Ventilation Objectives Identify graphic display options provided by . Monitoring the much volume or pressure. triggered, you will initially see a clockwise rotation like a the high pressure limit has been reached. The same 100-mL expiratory air leak on an FV loop, Auto-PEEP that causes active patient exhalation is, Before-and-after waveforms showing how effective, The dashed line shows decreased PEFR on an FV loop, indicating, A patient-initiated breath (breakthrough breathing) at the 4-second mark, The normal PV loop, shown as a solid line, widens or bows (dashed line), Decreasing lung compliance reduces the slope of a PV.
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